Notes of biology class 10 : Ncert notes of class 10 biology chapter life processes
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Notes of biology classes chapter life processes
Part 3rd
Respiration in amoeba
→Amoeba is a single-celled animal it depends upon the simple diffusion of gases for breathing.
Diffusion of gases takes place through the cell membrane of the amoeba.
→In other words, the exchange of gases in the Amoeba takes place through its cell membrane.
→Amoeba lives in water.
→Amoeba uses Oxygen gas dissolved in water. The oxygen from water diffuses into the body of the amoeba through its cell membrane. since the Amoeba is very small in size to the oxygen spread quickly into the whole body.
Amoeba Paramecium and planaria all breathe through their cell membrane.
Respiration in earthworm
Earthworm absorbs the oxygen needed for respiration through their moist skin.
This oxygen is then transported to the cells of the earthworm by its blood where it is used in respiration.
Earthworm exchange gases through the skin which is thin and moist.
Leechs also uses this technique.
Respiration in fish
Fish has the special organ of breathing called gills.
When water passes over the gills the gills extract dissolved oxygen from water.
Princes exchange the gases ban called gills.
Respiration in humans
In human, there are some organs for respiration.
Such as nose, nasal passage, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
Nose
→The human respiratory system begins from tot
→The nose has two holes in it which are called nostrils.
Nasal passage
→There is a passage in the nose behind the nostril which is called the nasal passage.
Hair and mucus
→ The air for respirations drawn into our body through the nostrils present in the nose. This air then goes into the nasal passage. The nasal passage is linked with fine hair and mucus.
→ when air passes through the nasal passage the dust particle and other impurities present in it are trapped by natural hair and mucus so that its clean air goes into the lungs.
Pharynx
→The part of the throat between the mouth and the windpipe is called the pharynx.
Trachea
→Air enters into the pharynx and then goes into the windpipe.
→The trachea is a tube commonly called a windpipe the air coming from the nostril during breathing passes through the trachea does not collapse even when there is no air in it because it is supported by rings of soft bone called cartilage.
Larynx
→The end of it has a voice box called the larynx.
The trachea runs down the neck and divides into smaller tubes called bronchi.
The two bronchi are connected to the lungs.
Lungs
The lungs lie in the chest cavity which is separated from the abdominal cavity by a muscular partition called the diaphragm. The lungs are covered by two thin membranes called pleura the lungs are enclosed in a rib cage made of bones called ribs.
Bronchioles
Each bronchus divides in the lungs to form a large number of still smaller tubes called bronchioles.
The smallest bronchioles have tiny air sacs at their ends.
Alveoli
The pouch-like air sacs at the ends of the smallest bronchioles are called alveoli.
The walls of alveoli are very thin and they are surrounded by very thin blood capillaries.
It is in the alveoli that oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is eliminated.
There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. This provides a large area for the exchange of gases by capillaries.
Difference between inhaled and exhaled air
Rate of breathing
The average breathing rate in an adult man at rest is about 15 to 18 per minute.
Rapid breathing supplies more oxygen to body cells for producing more energy required for doing physical exercise we breathe faster after exercise to produce more energy to Company.
Breathing Mechanism
The breathing instrument of the lungs is constrained by the stomach and the intercostalis muscles.
The stomach is a layer that isolates the thoracic chamber from the stomach pit.
At the point when the stomach drops down, the lungs extend and the air is breathed in.
At the point when the stomach climbs, the lungs agreement and air are breathed out.
Transportation in Human Beings:
The circulatory framework is liable for the transport of different substances in people. It is made out of the heart, corridors, veins and blood vessels. Blood assumes the part of the transporter of substances.
Heart:
The heart is a strong organ, which is made out of cardiovascular muscles.
It is little to such an extent that, it can fit inside a grown-up's wrist. The heart is a siphoning organ that siphons the blood.
The human heart is made out of four chambers, viz. right chamber, right ventricle, left ventricle and left the chamber.
Systole: Contraction of cardiovascular muscles is called systole.
Diastole: Relaxation of cardiovascular muscles is called diastole.
2. : arteries
These are thick-walled veins that convey oxygenated blood from the heart to various organs.
Pulmonary arteries are the exception because they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where oxygenation of blood happens.
These are slender walled veins that convey deoxygenated blood from various organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are an exception since they carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Valves are available in veins to prevent the backflow of blood.
Capillaries :
These are the veins that have single-celled dividers.
Blood:
Blood is a connective tissue that assumes the part of the transporter for different substances in the body. Blood is made out of 1. Plasma 2. Platelets 3. Platelets.
Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale shaded fluid that is generally made out of water. Blood plasma frames the lattice of blood.
Bloods cells: There are two sorts of platelets, viz. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red tone given the presence of haemoglobin which is a shade. Haemoglobin promptly joins with oxygen and carbon dioxide. The vehicle of oxygen occurs through haemoglobin. Some piece of carbon dioxide is additionally shipped through haemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale white tone. They assume a significant part in invulnerability.
Platelets: Platelets are answerable for blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a protection system that helps to prevent loss of blood if there should be an occurrence of a physical issue.
Lymph:
Lymph is like blood yet RBCs are missing in the lymph.
The lymph is framed from the liquid which spills from blood vessels and goes to the intercellular space in the tissues. This liquid is gathered through lymph vessels lastly get back to the blood vessels.
Lymph likewise assumes a significant part in the invulnerable framework.
Lymph yellowish liquids that escape from the blood vessels into the intercellular spaces contain fewer proteins than blood.
Also, help to kill germs present in the body.
Double circulation
Double circulation: In the human heart, blood goes through the heart twice in one cycle. This sort, of course, is called double circulation.
The heart beats around 72 times each moment in an ordinary grown-up. In one cycle, the heartbeat out 70 mL blood and hence, around 4900 mL blood in a moment. Double chamber heart guarantees total isolation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood which is vital for ideal energy creation in warm-blooded creatures.
Transportation in plants:
Plants have specific vascular tissues for the transportation of substances. There are two sorts of vascular tissues in plants.
Xylem: Xylem is answerable for the transportation of water and minerals. It is made out of tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre. Tracheids and xylem vessels are the leading components. The xylem makes a persistent cylinder in plants that runs from roots to stem and straight up to the veins of leaves.
Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the next piece of the plant.
Phloem: Phloem is answerable for the transportation of food. It has sieve tubes, companion cells,
Phloem parenchyma and fibre. In this sieve tubes are conducting element.
Carry material of photosynthesis from roots to another piece of the plant.
Transportation of food
Transportation of water
Excretion
The process of removal of toxic waste from the body of an organism is called excretion.
Excretion in plants
The main waste product produced by the plant is carbon dioxide, water vapours and oxygen.
The gaseous waste of respiration and photosynthesis in the plant are removed through the stomata in the leaf and lenticels in the stem are released into the air.
The plant also stores some of the waste product in its body.
example fruits of the plant, bark etc.
The plant gets rid of waste is by secreting them in the form of gum and resin.
Excretion in Human
The excretory system of human beings consists of the following main organs:-
Two kidneys,
Two ureters,
Bladder,
And urethra
→The function of the kidney is to remove the poisonous substance urea other waste Salts and excess water from the body and exploited them in the form of a yellowish liquid called urine.
→ each kidney is made up of a large number of an excretory unit called nephrons.
→It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a filtering part, called the glomerulus.
The Bowman's capsule contains a bundle of capillaries called Glomerulus.
The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is called the afferent arteriole and the one receiving blood from the glomerulus is called the efferent arteriole.
The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule-like portion, called bowman’s capsule.
Tubes from various nephrons converge into a collecting duct, which finally goes to the ureter.
Glomerulus:- it helps to filter Amino acid, urea, water, glucose and salts. And collect it in the Bowman capsule.
Tubules:- it helps to reabsorb some essential elements.
Now salts, glucose, extra water are collected in tubules then it goes to the collecting duct and then into the ureter.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood i.e., urea which is produced in the liver.
Dialysis:- the process in which human blood is cleaned by the artificial method is called dialysis.
It is done by a machine called Dialyser.
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